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Common types of hydraulic pumps for wet spray trucks
Release time:
2025-12-27
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Summary:
As the “heart” of the hydraulic system in wet spray vehicles, the hydraulic pump is responsible for converting the mechanical energy from the engine into pressure energy in the hydraulic oil, thereby providing power to the entire system. Its performance directly determines the equipment’s operational efficiency, energy consumption level, and reliability. The hydraulic pumps commonly used in wet spray vehicles fall primarily into three major categories: piston pumps, gear pumps, and vane pumps. Each type has its own unique operating principle and suitable application scenarios.
I. Plunger Pump
The plunger pump is the most widely used and highest-performing type of hydraulic pump in wet spray rigs, particularly well-suited for applications requiring high pressure and large flow rates.
1. Axial piston pump
The axial piston pump is currently the mainstream configuration for wet spray rigs. Its main feature is that the reciprocating motion of the pistons is parallel to the axis of the cylinder block.
Swashplate axial piston pump: By adjusting the swashplate angle, the stroke of the pistons can be varied, thereby achieving stepless adjustment of displacement. Such pumps typically achieve a volumetric efficiency of over 95% and can operate at pressures ranging from 35 to 40 MPa. They are particularly well-suited for wet spray truck pumping systems, which demand stable pressure and precise flow control.
Swashplate axial piston pump: The pistons are angled relative to the drive shaft, offering superior shock resistance and higher starting torque, making it suitable for applications with highly variable loads.
2. Radial piston pump
In a radial piston pump, the pistons are arranged radially and perform reciprocating motion via an eccentric mechanism. This type of pump boasts advantages such as a compact structure and strong resistance to contamination; however, it exhibits significant flow pulsation and is therefore typically used in wet spray trucks for auxiliary systems or specific operating conditions.
The primary advantages of plunger pumps lie in their high efficiency, long service life, and precise flow-control capabilities. Although their manufacturing costs are relatively high, their overall benefits are particularly prominent in equipment such as wet spray carts, where reliability is of utmost importance.
II. Gear Pump
Gear pumps, with their simple structure, low cost, and strong resistance to contamination, are widely used in the auxiliary systems of wet spray trucks.
1. External gear pump
This is the most common type of gear pump, which conveys oil by means of two meshing gears rotating inside the pump housing. Its operating pressure typically ranges from 16 to 25 MPa, and its volumetric efficiency is about 85% to 92%. In wet spray trucks, external gear pumps are often used in applications such as lubrication systems and cooling systems—places where the pressure requirements are not particularly high.
2. Internal gear pump
The internal gear pump consists of an internal gear and an external gear, offering advantages such as a more compact structure, small flow pulsation, and low noise. Its working pressure can reach 25–30 MPa and is used in the main pumping system of certain specialized models of wet spray trucks.
The greatest advantage of gear pumps lies in their exceptional reliability and low operation and maintenance costs, enabling them to maintain good performance even under conditions of high oil contamination. However, their regulation performance is relatively poor, which limits their use in applications requiring precise flow control.
III. Vane Pumps
Vane pumps are relatively seldom used in wet spray carts, but they are still employed in certain specific models.
1. Single-acting vane pump
The rotor completes one oil suction and discharge cycle per revolution, offering advantages such as uniform flow rate and low noise. However, its bearings are subjected to unbalanced radial forces, resulting in a relatively short service life.
2. Double-acting vane pump
For each rotation of the rotor, oil is drawn in and discharged twice, ensuring balanced axial forces on the bearing and extending its service life. The working pressure typically ranges from 16 to 21 MPa, with a volumetric efficiency of approximately 85% to 90%.
The main features of vane pumps are small flow pulsation and smooth operation. However, they have relatively high requirements for oil cleanliness and relatively poor resistance to contamination, which limits their application in equipment with harsh working environments, such as wet spray trucks.
IV. Key Considerations for Selecting Hydraulic Pumps
When selecting a hydraulic pump for a wet spray trolley, the following factors need to be considered comprehensively:
1. Work parameter matching
Pressure range: The main pumping system typically requires a working pressure of 25–35 MPa, while the auxiliary system can meet requirements with a pressure of 16–25 MPa.
Flow Rate Requirements: The required flow rate is calculated based on the concrete pumping volume. Typically, the main pump flow rate for wet spray trucks ranges between 100 and 300 L/min.
Power matching: The input power of the hydraulic pump must match the engine's output power to avoid overload or power waste.
2. Control Mode Selection
Modern wet spray carts generally employ electro-hydraulic proportional control or load-sensing control:
Electro-hydraulic proportional pumps enable precise, stepless adjustment of flow rate.
A load-sensing pump can automatically adjust its output according to the load demand, delivering significant energy-saving benefits.
Although traditional positive-displacement pumps combined with throttling control are relatively low in cost, they consume a significant amount of energy.
3. Reliability Considerations
The service life of a plunger pump typically ranges from 8,000 to 10,000 hours.
With proper maintenance, gear pumps can last for 5,000 to 8,000 hours.
Consider the convenience of spare parts supply and technical support.
4. Economic Analysis: Initial investment cost; operation and maintenance costs; energy consumption costs; service life and replacement cycle.
V. Key Points for Maintenance and Care
To ensure the long-term stable operation of the hydraulic pump, the following maintenance tasks must be performed:
Daily Inspection: Check the pump body temperature—during normal operation, it should not exceed 80℃. Listen carefully to the operating sound; if you detect any unusual noises, troubleshoot them promptly. Inspect the sealing areas and address any leaks immediately upon discovery.
Regular Maintenance: Check the oil cleanliness every 500 hours; test the pump’s volumetric efficiency every 2,000 hours; and replace seals regularly according to the instruction manual.
Failure Prevention: Maintain hydraulic oil cleanliness at or above NAS 8 grade; avoid prolonged operation under overload conditions; and regularly clean or replace the suction filter.
Conclusion
The selection of a hydraulic pump for wet spray carts is a systematic engineering task that requires comprehensive consideration of technical performance, operating environment, and economic factors. Due to their outstanding overall performance, plunger pumps have become the preferred choice for main pumping systems, while gear pumps play an important role in auxiliary systems. With the advancement of hydraulic technology, intelligent, high-efficiency, and low-noise hydraulic pumps will gradually be adopted and promoted, providing wet spray carts with a more powerful and reliable power core. Only through proper selection combined with scientific maintenance and care can the full potential of hydraulic pumps be realized, ensuring that wet spray carts operate stably and efficiently under all kinds of working conditions.
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